[1] Glower E,Estes C,Blach S,et al.Global epidemiology and genotype distribution of the hepatitis C virus infection.J Hepatol,2014,61:S45-S57. [2] Dustin LB. Innate and adaptive immune responses in chronic HCV infection.Curr Drug Targets,2015,25:Epub ahead of print. [3] Robert Thimme1,Marco Binder,Ralf Bartenschlager, et al.Failure of innate and adaptive immune responses in controlling hepatitis C virus infection.FEMS Microbiol Rev,2012,36:663-683. [4] Kui Li,Stanley M. Lemon.Innate Immune Responses in Hepatitis C Virus Infection.Semin Immunopathol,2013,35:53-72. [5] Mitchell AJ, Roediger B, Weninger W.Monocyte homeostasis and the plasticity of inflammatory monocytes.Cell Immunol,2014,291:22-31. [6] Haniffa M, Bigley V, Collin M.Human mononuclear phagocyte system reunited.Semin Cell Dev Biol,2015,41:59-69. [7] Ziegler-Heitbrock L, Ancuta P, Crowe S,et al.Nomenclature of monocytes and dendritic cells in blood.Blood,2010,116:e74-e80. [8] Lauvau G, Chorro L, Spaulding E, et al. Inflammatory monocyte effector mechanisms.Cell Immunol,2014,291:32-40. [9] Ziegler-Heitbrock L.Blood Monocytes and Their Subsets: Established Features and Open Questions.Front Immunol,2015,6:423. [10] Mandl M,Schmitz S,Weber C,et al.Characterization of the CD14++CD16+ monocyte population in human bone marrow.PLoS One,2014,9:e112140. [11] Cros J,Cagnard N,Woollard K,et al.Human CD14dim monocytes patrol and sense nucleic acids and viruses via TLR7 and TLR8 receptors.Immunity,2010,33:375-386. [12] Wong KL,Tai JJ,Wong WC,et al.Gene expression profiling reveals the defining features of the classical, intermediate, and nonclassical human monocyte subsets. Blood,2011,118:e16-e31. [13] Rossol M, Kraus S, Pierer M,et al.The CD14(bright) CD16+ monocyte subset is expanded in rheumatoid arthritis and promotes expansion of the Th17 cell population.Arthritis Rheum,2012,64:671-677. [14] Garaigorta U, Chisari FV. Hepatitis C virus blocks interferon effector function by inducing protein kinase R phosphorylation. Cell Host Microbe,2009,6:513-522. [15] Wong KL, Yeap WH, Tai JJ, et al. The three human monocyte subsets:implications for health and disease. Immunol Res,2012,53:41-57. [16] Zawada AM, Rogacev KS, Rotter B, et al.SuperSAGE evidence for CD14++CD16+ monocytes as a third monocyte subset.Blood,2011,118:e50-e61. [17] Dapas B, Grassi M, Grassi G.Can TIE-2 expressing monocytes represent a novel marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr,2014,3:175-178. [18] Thomas G,Tacke R,Hedrick CC.Nonclassical patrolling monocyte function in the vasculature.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2015,35:1306-1316. [19] Saha B, Szabo G.Innate immune cell networking in hepatitis C virus infection.J Leukoc Biol,2014,96:757-766. [20] Markus H. Heim. Innate immunity and HCV.J Hepatol,2013,58:564-574. [21] Markus H. Heim,Robert Thimme. Innate immune rsponse and adaptive response in HCV.J Hepatol,2014,61,S14-S25. [22] Chattergoon MA, Latanich R, Quinn J,et al.HIV and HCV activate the inflammasome in monocytes and macrophages via endosomal Toll-like receptors without induction of type 1 interferon.PLoS Pathog,2014,10:e1004082. [23] Revie D, Salahuddin SZ.Role of macrophages and monocytes in hepatitis C virus infections.World J Gastroenterol,2014,20:2777-2784. [24] Movita D, van de Garde MD, Biesta P.Inflammatory monocytes recruited to the liver within 24 hours after virus-induced inflammation resemble kupffer cells but are functionally distinct. J Virol, 2015, 89: 4809-4817. [25] Boltjes A, Movita D, Boonstra A.The role of Kupffer cells in hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections.J Hepatol,2014,61:660-671. [26] Syed GH, Amako Y, Siddiqui A. Hepatitis C virus hijacks host lipid metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab,2010,21:33-40. [27] Morikawa K, Lange CM, Gouttenoire J,et al. Nonstructural protein 3-4A: the Swiss army knife of hepatitis C virus.J Viral Hepat,2011,18:305-315. [28] Yang DR,Zhu HZ.Hepatitis C virus and antiviral innate immunity: who wins at tug-of-war .World J Gastroenterol,2015,21:3786-3800. [29] Stacy M. Horner,Michael Gale Jr.Regulation of hepatic innate immunity by hepatitis C virus.Nat Med,2013,19:879-888. [30] Granato M,Lacconi V,Peddis M.Hepatitis C virus present in the sera of infected patients interferes with the autophagic process of monocytes impairing their in-vitro differentiation into dendritic cells.Biochim Biophys Acta,2014,1843:1348-1355. [31] Tu Z,Hamalainen-Laanaya HK, Nishitani C. HCV core and NS3 proteins manipulate human blood-derived dendritic cell development and promoteTh 17 differentiation.Int Immunol,2012,24:97-106. [32] Osburn WO,Levine JS,Chattergoon MA.Anti-inflammatory cytokines, pro-fibrogenic chemokines and persistence of acute HCV infection.J Viral Hepat,2013,20:404-413 [33] Movita D, van de Garde MD, Biesta P.Inflammatory Monocytes Recruited to the Liver within 24 Hours after Virus-Induced Inflammation Resemble Kupffer Cells but Are Functionally Distinct.J Virol,2015,89:4809-4817. [34] Saito K,Ait-Goughoulte M,Truscott SM,et al.Hepatitis C virus inhibits cell surface expression of HLA-DR, prevents dendritic cell maturation, and induces interleukin-10 production.J Virol,2008, 82:3320-3328. [35] Jiajia Zheng,Hua Liang,Chunhui Xu.An unbalanced PD-L1/CD86 ratio in CD14++CD16+ monocytes is correlated with HCV viremia during chronic HCV infection.Cellular Molecular Immunology,2014, 11: 294-304. [36] Coquillard G, Patterson BK. Determination of hepatitis C virus infected,monocyte lineage reservoirs in individuals with or without HIV coinfection.J Infect Dis,2009,200:947-954. [37] Ma CJ,Ni L, Zhang Y,et al.PD-1 negatively regulates interleukin-12 expression by limiting STAT-1 phosphorylation in monocytes/macrophages during chronic hepatitis C virus infection.Immunology,2011,132:421-431. [38] Zhang Y,Ma CJ,Wang JM,et al.Tim-3 negatively regulates IL-12 expression by monocytes in HCV infection. PLoS ONE,2011,6:e19664. [39] Zhang Y,Ma CJ, Ni L,et al.Cross-talk between programmed death-1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 in inhibition of IL-12 production by monocytes/macrophages in hepatitis C virus infection. J Immunol,2011,186:3093-3103. [40] Zhang WJ,Wang H,Tong QX,et al.Involvement of TLR2-MyD88 in abnormal expression of miR-146a in peripheral blood monocytes of patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci,35:219-224. [41] Hartigan-O'Connor DJ,Lin D,Ryan JC,et al.Monocyte activation by interferon-ɑ is associated with failure to achieve a sustained virologic response after treatment for hepatitis C virus infection.J Infect Dis,2014,209:1602-1612. [42] Tacke F.Functional role of intrahepatic monocyte subsets for the progression of liver inflammation andliver fibrosis in vivo.Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair,2012,5:S27. [43] Peter J,Frey O,Stallmach A,et al.Attenuated antigen-specific T cell responses in cirrhosis are accompanied by elevated serum interleukin-10 levels and down-regulation of HLA-DR on monocytes.BMC Gastroenterol,2013,13:37. [44] Shen SL,Fu SJ,Huang XQ.Elevated preoperative blood monocyte count predicts poor prognosis forhepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection.BMC Cancer,2014,14:744. |